## How to Calculate and Solve for Bulk Modulus of Elasticity (stress) | Rock Mechanics

The image above represents bulk modulus of elasticity (stress).

To compute for bulk modulus elasticity (stress), two essential parameters are needed and these parameters are Average Horizontal Stress (hav) and Vertical Stress (σv).

The formula for calculating the bulk modulus elasticity (stress):

k = hav / σv

Where;

k = Bulk Modulus of Elasticity (Stress)
hav = Average Horizontal Stress
σv = Vertical Stress

Let’s solve an example;
Given that the average horizontal stress is 15 and the vertical stress is 34. Find the bulk modulus of elasticity (stress)?

This implies that;

hav = Average Horizontal Stress = 15
σv = Vertical Stress = 34

k = hav / σv
k = 15 / 34
k = 0.44

Therefore, the bulk modulus of elasticity (stress) is 0.44.

Calculating the Average Horizontal Stress when the Bulk Modulus Elasticity (stress) and the Vertical Stress is Given.

hav = k x σv

Where;

hav = Average Horizontal Stress
k = Bulk Modulus of Elasticity (Stress)
σv = Vertical Stress

Let’s solve an example;
Given that the bulk modulus of elasticity (stress) is 25 and the vertical stress is 8. Find the average horizontal stress?

This implies that;

k = Bulk Modulus of Elasticity (Stress) = 25
σv = Vertical Stress = 8

hav = k x σv
hav = 25 x 8
hav = 200

Therefore, the average horizontal stress is 200.

## How to Calculate and Solve for Horizontal Strain | Rock Mechanics

The image above represents horizontal strain.

To compute for horizontal strain, five essential parameters are needed and these parameters are Principal Horizontal Stress Component 1 (σH1), Principal Horizontal Stress Component 2 (σH2), Poisson’s Ratio (v), Vertical Stress (σv) and Young’s Modulus (E).

The formula for calculating the horizontal strain:

εH = H1 – vσH2 – vσv) / E

Where:

εH = Horizontal Strain
σH1 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 1
σH2 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 2
v = Poisson’s Ratio
σv = Vertical Stress
E = Young’s Modulus

Let’s solve an example;
Find the horizontal strain when the principal horizontal stress component 1 is 7, the principal horizontal component 2 is 9, the Poisson’s ratio is 11, the vertical stress is 21 and young’s modulus is 27.

This implies that;

σH1 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 1 = 7
σH2 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 2 = 9
v = Poisson’s Ratio = 11
σv = Vertical Stress = 21
E = Young’s Modulus = 27

εH = H1 – vσH2 – vσv) / E
εH = (7 – 11(9) – 11(21)) / 27
εH = (7 – 99 – 231) / 27
εH = -323 / 27
εH = -11.96

Therefore, the horizontal strain is -11.96.

Calculating the Principal Horizontal Stress Component 1 when the Horizontal Stress, Principal Horizontal Stress Component 2, Poisson’s Ratio, Vertical Stress and Young’s Modulus is Given.

σH1 = (εH x E) + vσH2 + vσv

Where;

σH1 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 1
εH = Horizontal Strain
σH2 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 2
v = Poisson’s Ratio
σv = Vertical Stress
E = Young’s Modulus

Let’s solve an example;
Find the principal horizontal stress component 1 when the horizontal strain is 22, the principal horizontal component 2 is 10, the Poisson’s ratio is 7, the vertical stress is 12 and young’s modulus is 3.

This implies that;

εH = Horizontal Strain = 22
σH2 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 2 = 10
v = Poisson’s Ratio = 7
σv = Vertical Stress = 12
E = Young’s Modulus = 3

σH1 = (εH x E) + vσH2 + vσv
σH1 = (22 x 3) + 7(10) + 7(12)
σH1 = 66 + 70 + 84
σH1 = 220

Therefore, the principal horizontal stress component 1 is 220.

Calculating the Principal Horizontal Stress Component 2 when the Horizontal Stress, Principal Horizontal Stress Component 1, Poisson’s Ratio, Vertical Stress and Young’s Modulus is Given.

σH2 = -(H x E) – σH1 + vσv / v)

Where;

σH2 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 2
εH = Horizontal Strain
σH1 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 1
v = Poisson’s Ratio
σv = Vertical Stress
E = Young’s Modulus

Let’s solve an example;
Find the principal horizontal stress component 2 when the horizontal strain is 28, the principal horizontal component 1 is 14, the Poisson’s ratio is 5, the vertical stress is 17 and young’s modulus is 7.

This implies that;

εH = Horizontal Strain =28
σH1 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 1 = 14
v = Poisson’s Ratio = 5
σv = Vertical Stress = 17
E = Young’s Modulus = 7

σH2 = -(H x E) – σH1 + vσv / v)
σH2 = -((28 x 7) – 14 + 5(17) / 5)
σH2 = -(196 – 14 + 85 / 5)
σH2 = -(182 + 85 / 5)
σH2 = -(267 / 5)
σH2 = -(53.4)
σH2 = -53.4

Therefore, the principal horizontal stress component 2 is -53.4.

## How to Calculate and Solve for Vertical Strain | Rock Mechanics

The image above represents vertical strain.

To compute for vertical strain, five essential parameters are needed and these parameters are Vertical Stress (σv), Poisson’s Ratio (v), Principal Horizontal Stress Component 1 (σH1), Principal Horizontal Stress Component 2 (σH2) and Young’s Modulus (E).

The formula for calculating the vertical strain:

εv = v – vσH1 – vσH2) / E

Where:

εv = Vertical Strain
σv = Vertical Stress
v = Poisson’s Ratio
σH1 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 1
σH2 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 2
E = Young’s Modulus

Let’s solve an example;
Find the vertical strain with a vertical stress of 44, Poisson’s ratio of 5, principal horizontal stress component 1 of 6, principal horizontal stress component 2 of 4 and young’s modulus of 12.

This implies that;

σv = Vertical Stress = 44
v = Poisson’s Ratio = 5
σH1 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 1 = 6
σH2 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 2 = 4
E = Young’s Modulus = 12

εv = v – vσH1 – vσH2) / E
εv = (44 – 5(6) – 5(4)) / 12
εv = (44 – 30 – 20) / 12
εv = -6 / 12
εv = -0.5

Therefore, the vertical strain is -0.5.

Calculating the Vertical Stress when the Vertical Strain, Poisson’s Ratio, Principal Horizontal Stress Component 1, Principal Horizontal Stress Component 2 and Young Modulus is Given.

σv = (εv x E) + vσH1 + vσH2

Where:

σv = Vertical Stress
εv = Vertical Strain
v = Poisson’s Ratio
σH1 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 1
σH2 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 2
E = Young’s Modulus

Let’s solve an example;
Find the vertical stress with a vertical strain of 52, Poisson’s ratio of 12, principal horizontal stress component 1 of 15, principal horizontal stress component 2 of 10 and young’s modulus of 13.

This implies that;

εv = Vertical Strain = 52
v = Poisson’s Ratio = 12
σH1 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 1 = 15
σH2 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 2 = 10
E = Young’s Modulus = 13

σv = (εv x E) + vσH1 + vσH2
σv = (52 x 13) + 12(15) + 15(10)
σv = 676 + 180 + 150
σv = 1006

Therefore, the vertical stress is 1006.

Calculating the Poisson’s Ratio when the Vertical Strain, Vertical Stress, Principal Horizontal Stress Component 1, Principal Horizontal Stress Component 2 and Young Modulus is Given.

v = σv – (εv x E) / σH1 + σH2

Where:

v = Poisson’s Ratio
εv = Vertical Strain
σv = Vertical Stress
σH1 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 1
σH2 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 2
E = Young’s Modulus

Let’s solve an example;
Find the Poisson’s ratio with a vertical strain of 16, vertical stress of 110, principal horizontal stress component 1 of 7, principal horizontal stress component 2 of 13 and young’s modulus of 6.

This implies that;

εv = Vertical Strain = 16
σv = Vertical Stress = 110
σH1 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 1 = 7
σH2 = Principal Horizontal Stress Component 2 = 13
E = Young’s Modulus = 6

v = σv – (εv x E) / σH1 + σH2
v = 110 – (16 x 6) / 7 + 13
v = 110 – 96 / 20
v = 14 / 20
v = 0.7

Therefore, the Poisson’s ratio is 0.7.

## How to Calculate and Solve for Horizontal Stress | Rock Mechanics

The image above represents horizontal stress.

To compute for horizontal stress, two essential parameters are needed and these parameters are Poisson’s ratio (v) and vertical stress (σv).

The formula for calculating the horizontal stress:

σH = v / 1 – v

Where;

σH = Horizontal Stress
v = Poisson’s Ratio
σv = Vertical Stress

Let’s solve an example;
Find the horizontal stress when the Poisson’s ratio is 24 and the vertical stress is 28.

This implies that;

v = Poisson’s Ratio = 24
σv = Vertical Stress = 28

σH = v / 1 – v
σH = 24(28) / (1 – 24)
σH = 672 / -23
σH = -29.217

Therefore, the horizontal stress is 29.217.

Calculating the Poisson’s Ratio when the Horizontal Stress and Vertical stress is Given.

v = σH / σv + σH

Where;

v = Poisson’s Ratio
σH = Horizontal Stress
σv = Vertical Stress

Let’s solve an example;
Find the Poisson’s ratio when the horizontal stress is 12 and the vertical stress is 16.

This implies that;

σH = Horizontal Stress = 12
σv = Vertical Stress = 16

v = σH / σv + σH
v = 12 / 16 + 12
v = 12 / 28
v = 12 / 28
v = 0.428

Therefore, the Poisson’s ratio is 0.428.