{"id":60,"date":"2017-09-05T08:21:00","date_gmt":"2017-09-05T08:21:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nickzom.org\/blog\/?p=60"},"modified":"2024-02-05T15:41:56","modified_gmt":"2024-02-05T14:41:56","slug":"how-to-calculate-and-solve-arithmetic-progression-in-sequences-and-series","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nickzom.org\/blog\/2017\/09\/05\/how-to-calculate-and-solve-arithmetic-progression-in-sequences-and-series\/","title":{"rendered":"How To Calculate and Solve Arithmetic Progression In Sequences and Series"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Arithmetic Progression<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A sequence is a set of numbers arranged in a definite pattern. Each number is called a term.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A finite sequence is one that has a last term when listed. For Example: 2,4,6,8,,&#8230;,16. An infinite sequence is one that does not have a last term when listed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Arithmetic Progression follows the rule of linear sequence which is the sequence in which each term is obtained by adding a distant number (Positive or Negative) to the proceeding terms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The constant number is called&nbsp;<strong>common difference<\/strong> and it is denoted as &#8220;d&#8221; while the <strong>first term<\/strong> is denoted as &#8220;a&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If T<sub>1<\/sub>, T<sub>2<\/sub>, T<sub>3<\/sub>, T<sub>4<\/sub>, T<sub>5<\/sub>, &#8230; is a linear sequence, the common difference is obtained as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T<sub>2<\/sub> &#8211; T<sub>1<\/sub> = T<sub>3<\/sub> &#8211; T<sub>2<\/sub> = T<sub>4<\/sub> &#8211; T<sub>3<\/sub> = T<sub>5<\/sub> &#8211; T<sub>4<\/sub><br>Therefore, <b>d<\/b> = T<sub>n<\/sub> &#8211; T<sub>(n &#8211; 1)<\/sub><br>where<br>T<sub>n<\/sub> = n<sup>th<\/sup> term of the sequence and T<sub>(n &#8211; 1)<\/sub> is the (n &#8211; 1)<sup>th&lt;\/sup&lt; term.<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In other words, here is a quick example:<br>Lets find the common difference in the following arithmetic progression:<br><b>a)<\/b> 0,5,10,15,20<br><b>b)<\/b> 3<sup>1<\/sup>\u2044<sub>4<\/sub>, 5<sup>1<\/sup>\u2044<sub>2<\/sub>, 7<sup>3<\/sup>\u2044<sub>4<\/sub>, 10, 12<sup>1<\/sup>\u2044<sub>4<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><b>Solution<\/b><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">a) To find the <b>common difference<\/b> we use the formula, T<sub>n<\/sub> &#8211; T<sub>(n &#8211; 1)<\/sub><br>d = T<sub>2<\/sub> &#8211; T<sub>1<\/sub><br>T<sub>2<\/sub> = 5 and T<sub>1<\/sub> = 0<br>d = 5 &#8211; 0<br>d = 5<br>Therefore, the common difference for the first series (a) is 5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">b) Then, by applying the same principle,<br>d = T<sub>2<\/sub> &#8211; T<sub>1<\/sub><br>T<sub>2<\/sub> = 5<sup>1<!--?sup &gt;&amp;frasl;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt; and T&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;\/sub&gt; = 3&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;\/sup&gt;&amp;frasl;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;\/sub&gt;&lt;br ?--> d = 5<sup>1<\/sup>\u2044<sub>2<\/sub> &#8211; 3<sup>1<\/sup>\u2044<sub>4<\/sub><br>d = 2<sup>1<\/sup>\u2044<sub>4<\/sub><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The n<sup>th<\/sup> term of an arithmetic progression is denoted as <b>T<sub>n<\/sub><\/b> or <b>U<sub>n<\/sub><\/b>,<br>if T<sub>1&lt;\/sub = a<br>T<sub>2<\/sub> = T<sub>1<\/sub> + d = a + d<br>T<sub>3<\/sub> = T<sub>2<\/sub> + d = a + d + d = a + 2d<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore, this implies that<br>T<sub>n<\/sub> = a + (n &#8211; 1)d<br>Hence, this formula above is the general formula used in solving arithmetic progression<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Let&#8217;s take some examples:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>a)<\/b> Find the n<sup>th<\/sup> term in 34, 40, 46<br><b>b)<\/b> The second, third and fourth terms in an arithmetic progression are x &#8211; 2, 5 and x + 2 respectively. Therefore, calculate the value of x.<br><b>c)<\/b> Find the number of terms in an arithmetic progression given that its first and last terms are x and 31x and its common difference is 5x.<br><b>d)<\/b> Find the number of terms and the expression for the n<sup>th<\/sup> term of the following arithmetic progression 32, 29, 26, &#8230;, -118<br><b>e)<\/b> The 8<sup>th<\/sup> term of an arithmetic progression is 18 and the 12<sup>th<\/sup> term is 26. So, find the first term, common difference and the 20<sup>th<\/sup> term.<br><b>f)<\/b> The first term of an arithmetic progression is 10, the ratio of the 7<sup>th<\/sup> term to the 9<sup>th<\/sup> term is 3:5. Then, calculate the common difference of the progression.<br><b>g)<\/b> The numbers 11, x, y, 21<sup>1<\/sup>\u2044<sub>2<\/sub> from an arithmetic progression. Hence, find the values of x and y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><b>Solution<\/b><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">a) We have the formula as T<sub>n<\/sub> = a + (n &#8211; 1)d<br>a = 34<br>d = T<sub>2<\/sub> &#8211; T<sub>1<\/sub> = 40 &#8211; 34 = 6<br>Therefore, T<sub>n<\/sub> = 34 + (n &#8211; 1)6<br>T<sub>n<\/sub> = 34 + 6n &#8211; 6<br>T<sub>n<\/sub> = 34 &#8211; 6 + 6n<br>i.e. T<sub>n<\/sub> = 28 + 6n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">b)<br>2<sup>nd<\/sup> term = x &#8211; 2<br>3<sup>rd<\/sup> term = 5<br>4<sup>th<\/sup> term = x + 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Since there is no first term, we would use common difference to calculate the value of x<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">d = T<sub>3<\/sub> &#8211; T<sub>2<\/sub> = T<sub>4<\/sub> &#8211; T<sub>3<\/sub><br>d = 5 &#8211; (x &#8211; 2) = (x + 2) &#8211; 5<br>5 &#8211; x + 2 = x + 2 &#8211; 5<br>5 + 2 &#8211; 2 + 5 = x + x<br>10 = 2x<br>5 = x<br>Therefore, the value of x is 5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">c)<br>a (First Term) = x<br>T<sub>n<\/sub> = l (Last Term) = 31x<br>d (Common Difference) = 5x<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T<sub>n<\/sub> = a + (n &#8211; 1)d<br>31x = x + (n &#8211; 1)5x<br>31x = x + 5nx &#8211; 5x<br>i.e. 31x = -4x + 5nx<br>31x + 4x = 5nx<br>35x = 5nx<br>7 = n<br>Therefore, the number of terms is 7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">d)<br>A.P. =&gt; 32, 29, 26, &#8230;, -118<br>So, let&#8217;s first of all find the number of terms<br>General Formula: T<sub>n<\/sub> = a + (n &#8211; 1)d<br>a = 32<br>d = T<sub>2<\/sub> &#8211; T<sub>1<\/sub><br>d = 29 &#8211; 32 = -3<br>l = -118<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">-118 = 32 + (n &#8211; 1)-3<br>-118 = 32 -3n + 3<br>So, -118 = 35 &#8211; 3n<br>3n = 35 + 118<br>3n = 153<br>n = 51<br>Therefore, the number of terms is 51.<br>Then, we find the n<sup>th<\/sup> term expression<br>T<sub>n<\/sub> = 32 + (n &#8211; 1)-3<br>T<sub>n<\/sub> = 32 + 3 &#8211; 3n<br>i.e. T<sub>n<\/sub> = 35 &#8211; 3n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">e)<br>T<sub>8<\/sub> = 18, n = 8<br>T<sub>12<\/sub> = 26, n = 12<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">First, let&#8217;s find the T<sub>8<\/sub> and T<sub>12<\/sub> expression<br>T<sub>8<\/sub> = a + (8 &#8211; 1)d<br>T<sub>8<\/sub> = a + 7d &#8230; (I)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T<sub>12<\/sub> = a + (12 &#8211; 1)d<br>T<sub>12<\/sub> = a + 11d &#8230; (II)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So, we obtain the values of a and d using simultaneous equation for equation (I) and (II)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nickzom.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/b29a08e7-48dc-4fe5-8b03-15a99db22e11.jpeg\" alt=\"How To Calculate and Solve Arithmetic Progression In Sequences and Series\" class=\"wp-image-11961\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nickzom.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/b29a08e7-48dc-4fe5-8b03-15a99db22e11.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.nickzom.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/b29a08e7-48dc-4fe5-8b03-15a99db22e11-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.nickzom.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/b29a08e7-48dc-4fe5-8b03-15a99db22e11-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/www.nickzom.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/b29a08e7-48dc-4fe5-8b03-15a99db22e11-768x768.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.nickzom.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/b29a08e7-48dc-4fe5-8b03-15a99db22e11-80x80.jpeg 80w, https:\/\/www.nickzom.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/b29a08e7-48dc-4fe5-8b03-15a99db22e11-60x60.jpeg 60w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><br><b>Using Elimination Method<\/b><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>18 = a + 7d<br>-26 = a + 11d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This leaves us with this equation<br>-8 = -4d<br>d = -8 \/ -4 = 2<br>Common Difference is 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Using Equation (II) to find the value of a (first term)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">26 = a + 11d<br>That is, 26 = a + 11(2)<br>26 = a + 22<br>a = 26 &#8211; 22<br>a = 4<br>First Term is 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ne, we calculate the value of the 20<sup>th<\/sup> term, which will be T<sub>20<\/sub> = 4 + (20 &#8211; 1)2<br>T<sub>20<\/sub> = 4 + 19(2)<br>T<sub>20<\/sub> = 4 + 38<br>That is, T<sub>20<\/sub> = 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">f)<br>First Term (a) = 10<br>T<sub>7<\/sub> : T<sub>9<\/sub> = 3:5 = <sup>3<\/sup>\u2044<sub>5<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>So, by using the general formula: T<sub>n<\/sub> = a + (n &#8211; 1)d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T<sub>7<\/sub> = 10 + (7 &#8211; 1)d<br>T<sub>7<\/sub> = 10 + 6d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T<sub>9<\/sub> = 10 + (9 &#8211; 1)d<br>T<sub>9<\/sub> = 10 + 8d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since T<sub>7<\/sub>:T<sub>9<\/sub> = 3:5<br>It implies that 5T<sub>7<\/sub> = 3T<sub>9<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5(10 + 6d) = 3(10 + 8d)<br>50 + 30d = 30 + 24d<br>30d &#8211; 24d = 30 &#8211; 50<br>6d = -20<br>d = -3.3333<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore, the common difference is -3.3333<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">g)<br>A.P. =&gt; 11, x, y, 21<sup>1<\/sup>\u2044<sub>2<\/sub><br><b>General Formula:<\/b> T<sub>n<\/sub> = a + (n &#8211; 1)d<br>T<sub>4<\/sub> = 21<sup>1<\/sup>\u2044<sub>2<\/sub>, n = 4, a = 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">21<sup>1<\/sup>\u2044<sub>2<\/sub> = 11 + (4 &#8211; 1)d<br>21<sup>1<\/sup>\u2044<sub>2<\/sub> = 11 + 3d<br><sup>43<\/sup>\u2044<sub>2<\/sub> = 11 + 3d<br>Multiplying throughout by 2<br>43 = 22 + 6d<br>43 &#8211; 22 = 6d<br>21 = 6d<br>d = 21\/6<br>d = 3.5<br>Then, Let&#8217;s find x<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T<sub>2<\/sub> = x = 11 + (2 &#8211; 1)3.5<br>x = 11 + (1)3.5<br>x = 11 + 3.5<br>That is, x = 14.5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So, let&#8217;s find y<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T<sub>3<\/sub> = y = 11 + (3 &#8211; 1)3.5<br>y = 11 + (2)3.5<br>y = 11 + 7<br>Therefore, y = 18<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Series<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A series is obtained when the terms of a sequence are added.<br><b>For Example:<\/b><br>a) 9 + 12 + 15 + 18 + &#8230; + 51<br>b) 4 + 8 + 12 + .. + 48<br>c) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + &#8230;<br>d) 5 + 10 + 15 + 20 + &#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Examples a) and b) are called <b>finite series<\/b> because they have a definite number of terms and it is always possible to find the <b>sum of a finite series<\/b>.<br>Examples c) and d) are called <b>infinite series<\/b>. The sum of infinite series is often impossible to find.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Let&#8217;s solve something<\/b><br>Find the sum of this <b>A.P.<\/b><br>2 + 4 + 6 + &#8230; + 98 + 100<br><strong>Solution<\/strong><br>a (First Term) = 2, l (Last Term) = 100<br>d (Common Difference) = T<sub>2<\/sub> &#8211; T<sub>1<\/sub><br>d (Common Difference) = 4 &#8211; 2 = 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T<sub>n<\/sub> = a + (n &#8211; 1)d<br>100 = 2 + (n &#8211; 1)2<br>100 = 2 + 2n &#8211; 2<br>This means 100 = 2n<br>n = 100\/2<br>n = 50<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore, the number of terms in the arithmetic progression is <b>50<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Take a closer look at this<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S (Sum) = 2 + 4 + 6 + &#8230; + 98 + 100<br>Reversing the Series<br>S (Sum) = 100 + 98 + &#8230; + 6 + 4 + 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>So, by adding the two series vertically we have:<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2S = 102 + 102 + &#8230; + 102 + 102 + 102<br>2S = 102 x 50<br>Hence, 2S = 5100<br>S = <sup>5100<\/sup>\u2044<sub>2<\/sub><br>S = 2550<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore, the sum of the arithmetic series is <b>2550<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following expression represents a general arithmetic series, where the terms are added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + &#8230; + l &#8230; (III)<br>S = l + (l &#8211; d) + (l &#8211; 2d) + &#8230; + a &#8230; (IV)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">So, by adding the equations (III) and (IV)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2S = (a + l) + (a + l) + &#8230; + (a + l)<br>2S = (a + l)n<br>S = <sup>n(a + l)<\/sup>\u2044<sub>2<\/sub> &#8230; (V)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The above formula is used when first term and last term is given<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is another formula<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since l = a + (n &#8211; 1)d<br>Then substituting l = a + (n &#8211; 1)d into equation (V)<br>S<sub>n<\/sub> = <sup>n(a + l)<\/sup>\u2044<sub>2<\/sub><br>S<sub>n<\/sub> = <sup>n(a + a + (n &#8211; 1)d)<\/sup>\u2044<sub>2<\/sub><br>Therefore, S<sub>n<\/sub> = <sup>n(2a + (n &#8211; 1)d)<\/sup>\u2044<sub>2<\/sub> &#8230; (VI)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The above equation or equation (VI) is used when the first term and common difference is given.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Let&#8217;s take another example<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>a)<\/b> The first term and last term of an arithmetic progression are 2 and 256 respectively. Hence, how many terms are there in the sequence and what is the common difference of the series if its sum is 1548?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">a)<br>First, Let&#8217;s find the number of terms, n<br>a (First Term) = 2<br>l (Last Term) = 256<br>S<sub>n<\/sub> (Sum of the Series) = 1548<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S<sub>n<\/sub> = <sup>n(a + l)<\/sup>\u2044<sub>2<\/sub><br>1548 = <sup>n(2 + 256)<\/sup>\u2044<sub>2<\/sub><br>Then, multiplying throughout by 2<br>3096 = n(2 + 256)<br>3096 = 258n<br>n = <sup>3096<\/sup>\u2044<sub>258<\/sub><br>n = 12<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore, the number of terms of the series is <b>12<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So, let&#8217;s find the common difference, d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S<sub>n<\/sub> = <sup>n(2a + (n &#8211; 1)d)<\/sup>\u2044<sub>2<\/sub><br>1548 = <sup>12(2(2) + (12 &#8211; 1)d)<\/sup>\u2044<sub>2<\/sub><br>So, multiplying throughout by 2<br>This will give you 3096 = 12(4 + (11)d)<br>3096 = 48 + 132d<br>3096 &#8211; 48 = 132d<br>3048 = 132d<br>d = <sup>3048<\/sup>\u2044<sub>132<\/sub><br>d = 23.0909<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore, the common difference is <b>23.0909<\/b>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nickzom.org\/calculator\/calculate-arithmetic-progression.php\">Nickzom Calculator<\/a> is capable of solving all the parameters of an <strong>A<\/strong>rithmetic <strong>P<\/strong>rogression.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.nickzom.nickzomcalculator\">Download Our Free Android App<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Arithmetic Progression A sequence is a set of numbers arranged in a definite pattern. Each number is 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